so2 co2 equivalent

�6���>����&�yj�����ƛ[�jr��Y����GE��F�. It can be measured in weight or concentration. 0000015927 00000 n 600 0 obj <> endobj Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e or CO2eq or CO2-e) is calculated from GWP. H�l�;�%7E�^ŋ�%���؁�%����0�K�T=�$s�$=~/�_��z��.���������y}�������[��s���R�e}n�Ҧc�\8։���T�Kp��CV������aߟ�|�ޏ�@oe�;��zr'���u*�a� It can be measured in weight or concentration. The global warming potential of perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA) over a 100-year time horizon has been estimated to be approximately 7100. You calculate the carbon dioxide equivalent of a … 0000002627 00000 n 0000008030 00000 n 2 equivalent (GtCO 2 eq) In industry: million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (MMTCDE) and MMT CO2 Eq. Methane’s 100-year GWP is about 28x CO2 – but it only persists in the atmosphere for a little more than a decade. For instance, burning methane to carbon dioxide would reduce the global warming impact, but by a smaller factor than 25:1 because the mass of methane burned is less than the mass of carbon dioxide released (ratio 1:2.74). CO2e, or carbon dioxide equivalent, is a way of expressing all the different greenhouse gases as a single number Livestock farming produces methane and nitrous oxide as well as CO2… 0000001614 00000 n Thus it provides a common scale for measuring the climate effects of different gases. In reporting on climate change, the carbon, carbon dioxide (CO 2), greenhouse gases, radiative forcing, and CO 2-equivilent (CO 2-eq) are often used almost interchangeably to refer to the human contribution to recent warming. 0000011470 00000 n x�bb�d`b``Ń3� ���ţ�1����` � h The dependence of GWP as a function of wavelength has been found empirically and published as a graph.[21]. The Global Temperature change Potential (GTP) is another way to compare gases. 0000022849 00000 n The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space. Other metrics: Global Temperature change Potential (GTP), Myhre, G., D. Shindell, F.-M. Bréon, W. Collins, J. Fuglestvedt, J. Huang, D. Koch, J.-F. Lamarque, D. Lee, B. Mendoza, T. Nakajima, A. Robock, G. Stephens, T. Takemura and H. Zhang (2013), Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts, D.W. Fahey, J. Haywood, J. 635 0 obj<>stream Since all GWP calculations are a comparison to CO2 which is non-linear, all GWP values are affected. Some gases, like methane, have large GWP, since a ton of methane absorbs much more heat than a ton of CO2. Values of GWP are estimated and updated for each time frame as methods improve. Lean, D.C. Lowe, G. Myhre, J. Nganga, R. Prinn, G. Raga, M. Schulz and R. Van Dorland (2007), This is so, because of the reaction formula: CH, These are normalized absorbance spectrum; these must be compensated for using the, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, "Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing", Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing, "Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing", "HYDROGEN FOR HEATING: ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS A literature review", "Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: A significant revision of the methane radiative forcing: Greenhouse Gas Radiative Forcing", "Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain", "Methane released in gas production means Australia's emissions may be 10% higher than reported", New Greenhouse Gas Discovered, PFTBA Has Higher Global Warming Impact Than CO2, Radiative efficiency definition of Radiative efficiency in the Free Online Encyclopedia, Newly discovered greenhouse gas '7,000 times more powerful than CO2' | Environment, New greenhouse gas discovered by U of T chemists | Toronto Star, "Testing 100-year global warming potentials: Impacts on compliance costs and abatement profile", "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its 19th Session", "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2018, page ES-3", Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases, http://www.chem.arizona.edu/chemt/C21/sim/gh/, "Understanding Global Warming Potentials", Matthew Elrod, "Greenhouse Warming Potential Model. 0000013940 00000 n 0000013412 00000 n [verification needed]. While the absorption of infrared radiation by many greenhouse gases varies linearly with their abundance, a few important ones display non-linear behaviour for current and likely future abundances (e.g., CO2, CH4, and N2O). While GWP estimates heat absorbed, GTP estimates the resulting rise in average surface temperature of the world, over the next 20, 50 or 100 years, caused by a greenhouse gas, relative to the temperature rise which the same mass of CO2 would cause. 0000001036 00000 n For other gases it depends on the gas and the time frame. [18] Next, its concentration in the atmosphere depends on air temperature and water availability; using a global average temperature of ~16 °C, for example, creates an average humidity of ~18,000ppm at sea level (CO2 is ~400ppm[19] and so concentrations of [H2O]/[CO2] ~ 45x). 0000002078 00000 n The denominator contains the corresponding quantities for the reference gas (i.e. %%EOF Those standards are still in effect as of 2020.[16]. [9] PFTBA has the highest radiative efficiency (relative effectiveness of greenhouse gases to restrict long-wave radiation from escaping back into space[10]) of any molecule detected in the atmosphere to date. Estimates of GWP values over 20 and 100 years are periodically compiled in reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.[1]. The GWP value depends on how the gas concentration decays over time in the atmosphere. CO2 equivalent 《地球環境》CO2[二酸化炭素]換算 いろいろな種類・質量の温室効果ガスについて、温暖化... - アルクがお届けするオンライン英和・和英辞書検索サービス。 Some gases, again like methane, break down over time, and their heat absorption, or GWP, over the next 20 years is a bigger multiple of CO2 than their heat absorption will be over 100 or 500 years. [12], Under the Kyoto Protocol, in 1997 the Conference of the Parties standardized international reporting, by deciding (decision 2/CP.3) that the values of GWP calculated for the IPCC Second Assessment Report were to be used for converting the various greenhouse gas emissions into comparable CO2 equivalents. since gases decay in the atmosphere or are absorbed naturally, at different rates. For example, the table above shows GWP for methane over 20 years at 86 and nitrous oxide at 289, so emissions of 1 million tonnes of methane or nitrous oxide are equivalent to emissions of 86 or 289 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, respectively. endstream endobj 601 0 obj<>/Outlines 70 0 R/Metadata 82 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 81 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/StructTreeRoot 84 0 R/Type/Catalog/LastModified(D:20070418105423)/PageLabels 79 0 R>> endobj 602 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>/Pattern<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 603 0 obj[/ICCBased 621 0 R] endobj 604 0 obj/Pattern endobj 605 0 obj<> endobj 606 0 obj<>stream The radiative efficiencies ax and ar are not necessarily constant over time. This is often not precisely known and hence the values should not be considered exact. The GWP depends on the following factors: A high GWP correlates with a large infrared absorption and a long atmospheric lifetime. Even if a gas absorbs radiation efficiently at a certain wavelength, this may not affect its GWP much if the atmosphere already absorbs most radiation at that wavelength. For example CO2e of 500 parts per million would reflect a mix of atmospheric gases which warm the earth as much as 500 parts per million of CO2 would warm it.[25][26]. Global warming potential (GWP) is the heat absorbed by any greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, as a multiple of the heat that would be absorbed by the same mass of carbon dioxide (CO2). [3] It has been used by the electrical industry since the mid-20th century for electronic testing and as a heat transfer agent. 0000002525 00000 n Other issues complicating its calculation are the Earth's temperature distribution, and the differing land masses in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. 0000002550 00000 n Thus methane has a potential of 34 over 100 years (GWP100 = 34) but 86 over 20 years (GWP20 = 86); conversely sulfur hexafluoride has a GWP of 22,800 over 100 years but 16,300 over 20 years (IPCC Third Assessment Report).