Eastern philosophies are also some of the most intricate and popular on the planet, with many adherents to religious philosophies thousands of years old. [86] Key Buddhist concepts include the Four Noble Truths, Anatta (not-self) a critique of a fixed personal identity, the transience of all things (Anicca), and a certain skepticism about metaphysical questions. Mahayana philosophers such as Nagarjuna and Vasubandhu developed the theories of Shunyata (emptiness of all phenomena) and Vijnapti-matra (appearance only), a form of phenomenology or transcendental idealism. Key New Confucians of the first generation are Xiong Shili and Fung Youlan. One was anti-traditional and promoted Western learning and ideas. Buddhism mostly disappeared from India after the Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent, surviving in the Himalayan regions and south India. [61], Jain philosophy deals extensively with the problems of metaphysics, reality, cosmology, ontology, epistemology, and divinity. Carine Defoort, herself a specialist in Chinese thought, has offered support for such a "family" view of philosophy,[138] while Rein Raud has presented an argument[139] against it and offered a more flexible definition of philosophy that would include both Western and Asian thought on equal terms. [8] These Hindu schools developed what has been called the "Hindu synthesis" merging orthodox Brahmanical and unorthodox elements from Buddhism and Jainism. Jul 94, Vol. Cambridge University Press. pp. These include:[37], The nāstika or heterodox schools are associated with the non-Vedic Śramaṇic traditions that existed in India since before the 6th century BCE. [58] Due to the popularity of the bhakti movement, Vedānta came to be the dominant current of Hinduism in the post-medieval period. [33] The early modern period saw the flourishing of Navya-Nyāya (the 'new reason') under philosophers such as Raghunatha Siromani (c. 1460–1540) who founded the tradition, Jayarama Pancanana, Mahadeva Punatamakara and Yashovijaya (who formulated a Jain response). [122], Other schools rose to prominence throughout Chinese history, such as the Shangqing school during the Tang dynasty (618–907), the Lingbao school during the Song dynasty (960–1279) and the Quanzhen School which develop during the 13th–14th centuries and during the Yuan dynasty. John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press. "Is There Such a Thing as Chinese Philosophy? Mohism (Mòjiā; "School of Mo"), was founded by Mozi (c. 470–391 BCE) and his students. It was during this period that Hindu modernists presented a single idealized and united "Hinduism." Tauris. [98] Through the work of Indians like Vivekananda as well as westerners such as the proponents of the Theosophical society, modern Hindu thought also influenced western culture. De directe bevrijdingsweg, Cothen: Uitgeverij Juwelenschip, Modern Indian Thought. The 20th-century Hindu guru Sri Aurobindo was influenced by German Idealism and his integral yoga is regarded as a synthesis of Eastern and Western thought. Basham, A.L. [35][36], There are six major schools of orthodox Indian Hindu philosophy—Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā and Vedanta, and five major heterodox schools—Jain, Buddhist, Ajivika, Ajñana, and Cārvāka. [99], The political thought of Hindu nationalism is also another important current in modern Indian thought. Recent attempts to incorporate Western philosophy into Eastern thought include the Kyoto School of philosophers, who combined the phenomenology of Husserl with the insights of Zen Buddhism. In response to colonialism and their contact with Western philosophy, 19th-century Indians developed new ways of thinking now termed Neo-Vedanta and Hindu modernism. Yao, Xinzhong (2000). III. [95] They were also influenced by Western ideas. East Asian philosophical thought began in Ancient China, and Chinese philosophy begins during the Western Zhou Dynasty and the following periods after its fall when the "Hundred Schools of Thought" flourished (6th century to 221 BCE). The focus here is on the period of ancient Chinese history that begins with the advent of writing (as also for the Ancient Near East, Mesoamerica, and the Indus Valley) and ends with the period that corresponds best with a conventional date for the end of antiquity. Mo also advocated impartial meritocracy in government which should be based on talent, not blood relations. [27], Some of the earliest surviving philosophical texts are the Upanishads of the later Vedic period (1000–500 BCE). The Nyāya school of epistemology explores sources of knowledge (Pramāṇa) and is based on the Nyāya Sūtras (circa 6th century BCE and 2nd century CE). [53] For this tradition, the study of dharma as ritual and social duty was paramount. The sub-traditions of Vedānta include Advaita (non-dualism), Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism), Dvaita (dualism), and Bhedabheda (difference and non-difference). 112–113. "[90] Forces which influenced modernists like Dhammapala and Yin Shun included Enlightenment values and Western Science. Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats. It includes, for example, the classic Hindu rejoinders against Buddhist not-self (anatta) arguments. The modern period saw the rise of Buddhist modernism and Humanistic Buddhism under Western influences and the development of Western Buddhism with influences from modern psychology and Western philosophy. [88] Through the work of Dharmakirti, this tradition of Buddhist logic has become the major epistemological system used in Tibetan Buddhist philosophy and debate.[89]. [142], Syntheses of Eastern and Western philosophy, Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "a way of life" (, Ram-Prasad, Chakravarthi; "Eastern philosophy" (2005). [59] The Śramaṇa movement gave rise to a diverse range of non-Vedic ideas, ranging from accepting or denying the concepts of atman, atomism, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, fatalism to free will, extreme asceticism, strict ahimsa (non-violence) and vegetarianism. These are the best eastern philosophy … Beginning in the Song dynasty, Confucian classics were the basis of the imperial exams and became the core philosophy of the scholar-official class. Buddhism as philosophy, 2007, p. 6. Chad Hansen, Shen Buhai. Far from being isolated, many philosophies began in small sections of the Asia and spread for thousands of miles. [85] Because ignorance of the true nature of things is considered one of the roots of suffering, Buddhist thinkers concerned themselves with philosophical questions related to epistemology and the use of reason. Sāmkhya sources argue that the universe consists of two realities, puruṣa (consciousness) and prakṛti (matter). New Delhi: Indian Books Centre/Sri Satguru Publications. Their main sacred text is the Guru Granth Sahib. Eastern philosophy or Asian philosophy includes the various philosophies that originated in East and South Asia including Chinese philosophy, Indian philosophy (including Hindu philosophy, Jain philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and Sikh philosophy), Japanese philosophy, and Korean philosophy which are dominant in East, South and Southeast Asia. There are clear parallels between Heidegger and the work of Kyoto School, and ultimately, it may be read that Heidegger's philosophy is an attempt to 'turn eastwards' in response to the crisis in Western civilization. Prem Pahlajrai, Asian Languages and Literature, University of Washington, http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/hilltopreview/vol4/iss1/6, https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_, https://books.google.com/books?id=TKowRrrz5BIC&pg=PA68, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-legalism/, http://www.philosophy.hku.hk/ch/Shen%20Bu%20Hai.htm, http://www.philosophy.hku.hk/ch/Lord%20Shang.htm, https://books.google.com/books?id=BIgS4p8NykYC&pg=PA44, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/neo-daoism/, "Schopenhauer's Initial Encounter with Indian Thought", China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit, Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia, China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting, Association of East Asian Research Universities, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG / GCC), Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&oldid=991246658, Articles with dead external links from July 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2015, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles needing additional references from January 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 29 November 2020, at 02:07.