It is most often used to address someone or some group of living beings, usually in conjunction with an imperative construct. The vocative is also used in prayers: "Отче наш!" It is most commonly applied to the word 孙子 (sūnzi, "grandson"), to form sūnzei, meaning approximately "Hey you nasty one!". The historic Slavic vocative has been lost in Russian and is now used only in archaic expressions. It is surrounded by commas in a sentence as it is part of an unordered sentence array. The asterisks before the Proto-Indo-European words means that they are theoretical reconstructions and are not attested in a written source. In the spoken dialects the vocative plural is often has the same form as the nominative plural (as with the nouns of other declensions) or the dative plural (e.g. Vocative Case The case of direct address. The particle yā was also used in old Castilian language, because of Arabic influence via Mozarabic immigrations[citation needed]. All final consonants were lost in Proto-Slavic, so both the nominative and vocative Old Church Slavonic forms do not have true endings, only reflexes of the old thematic vowels. That is also the case in traditional English (without the accent) (see above): The native words sonur ("son") and vinur ("friend") also sometimes appear in the shortened forms son and vin in vocative phrases. A vocative expression is an expression of direct address by which the identity of the party spoken to is set forth expressly within a sentence. have lost the vocative case, but others retain it, including the Baltic languages, some Celtic languages and most Slavic languages. For female kinship terms, the vocative is always used: In Czech, the vocative (vokativ, or 5. pád – "the fifth case") usually differs from the nominative in masculine and feminine nouns in the singular. πόλις, voc. ): Adõm "Adam!" In the plural, ALL NOUNS/ADJECTIVES simply use their NOMINATIVE PLURAL forms for the VOCATIVE: ALL NEUTER nouns/adjectives simply use their NOMINATIVE SINGULAR and PLURAL forms for the VOCATIVE: ALL 1st DECLENSION FEMININE NOUNS/ADJECTIVES use their NOMINATIVE SINGULAR forms for the VOCATIVE: For some declensions, the ending for the MASCULINE or FEMININE SINGULAR VOCATIVE may differ from the NOMINATIVE. In Lithuanian, the form that a given noun takes depends on its declension class and, sometimes, on its gender. 신이시여, 부디 저들을 용서하소서. Some linguists, such as Albert Thumb,(de) argue that the vocative form is not a case but a special form of nouns not belonging to any case, as vocative expressions are not related syntactically to other words in sentences.[1]. in addition to Adõmai, Mýkol "Michael!" Some masculine and feminine nouns/adjectives – e.g., those whose stems end in –ερ, –εσ, –ι, and –υ – use just their STEM for the vocative singular. (Mijina, jibe ga?) "владыка", vladyka). Unlike other Slavic languages except Macedonian, Bulgarian has lost case marking for nouns. σῶμα). In addition, nouns of e-stems have an ablaut of long vowel ė in nominative and short vowel e /ɛ/ in vocative. Note that despite helvete not being inflected or preceded by a definite article, the qualifying adjective, svart, is still inflected as if qualifying a definite noun. and tkve, without the -n. Therefore, one could, for instance, say, with the declension of all of the elements: The vocative case in Korean is commonly used with first names in casual situations by using the vocative case marker(호격 조사) 아 (a) if the name ends in a consonant and 야 (ya) if the name ends with a vowel:[15], 미진이 집에 가? For example, in the sentence "I don't know, John," John is a vocative expression that indicates the party being addressed, as opposed to the sentence "I don't know John" in which "John" is the direct object of the verb "know". liten being lille when definite, but små when plural. To address an individual in an offensive or condescending manner: After "Ty" (second person singular pronoun), "doamne și domni": "doamnelor și domnilor!" Proper nouns usually also have vocative forms, but they are used less frequently. (You don't understand me, my dear Basia!). Shen "you" (singular) and tkven "you" (plural) in the vocative case become she! Adjectives are also lenited. The Locative Case The case of position or location. The patriarch and bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church are addressed as "владыко" (vladyko, hegemon, nom. The vocative case is used for the person or persons directly addressed. Consonant-stem nouns have no ending in the vocative: The vocative form is the same as the nominative except in the masculine and feminine singular. "): Brute is the vocative case and Brutus would be the nominative. It can also be used to address dead matter as if the matter could react or to tell something astonishing or just happening such as "Your nose is dripping.". Nouns with a nominative singular ending in -a have a vocative singular usually identically written but distinct in accentuation. Synchrony, diachrony, typology. For example: ἄρχοντ → ἄρχον. Most often, the NOMINATIVE forms of nouns and adjectives double as VOCATIVE forms. All masculine (and feminine) nouns/adjectives of the 2nd declension form their vocative with –ε. Most modern Slavic languages that retain the vocative case have altered the ending to avoid the change: Bulgarian вълко occurs far more frequently than вълче. Welsh lacks case declension but marks vocative constructions by lenition of the initial consonant of the word, with no obligatory particle. Using the vocative is strongly recommended in official and written styles. instead of Aniu, chodź tu! A common one is 啊 a, attached to the end of the address word. The vocative and nominative endings are always identical in which of the following forms: 2. In older common Czech (19th century), vocative form was sometimes replaced by nominative form in case of female names ("Lojzka, dej pokoj!") More examples of the historic vocative can be found in other Biblical quotes that are sometimes used as proverbs: "Врачу, исцелися сам" (Vraču, iscelisia sam, "Physician, heal thyself", nom. (Gospodi, vocative of "Господь" Gospodj, "Lord"), which can also be expressed as "Господи Иисусе!" When Greek speakers were being formal or polite, they would use the marker ὦ (like the English “O Brother…”) to signal the vocative case, but it is not necessary, and ὦ is often best left untranslated in English. The vocative case causes lenition of the initial consonant of nouns. People in the Zagreb area often use nominative forms as vocative, while others are more likely to apply traditional vocative forms.[11]. (sonyeoniyeo, yamangeul gajyeora.) Second-declension masculine nouns have a regular vocative ending in -ε. Third-declension nouns with one syllable ending in -ς have a vocative that is identical to the nominative (νύξ, night); otherwise, the stem (with necessary alterations, such as dropping final consonants) serves as the vocative (nom. Some traditional texts use Jesu, the Latin vocative form of Jesus. (Chairman! [3] This phenomenon can be more easily observed with adjectives that inflect for plural and definite differently, e.g. However, special forms and morphemes (that are not inflections) exist for addressing. "Horses, run away!" Lenition changes the initial sound of the word (or name). For the proper name Marija, the traditional vocative is more common in religious contexts: Until the end of the 1980s, the existence of a distinct vocative case in Slovak was recognised and taught at schools. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, 3rd declension: the stem is used on its own, 3rd declension: the stem is shortened to end in an allowable Greek sound. 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