Following an incubation period of 1 to 3 days, some of the clinical symptoms associated with the infection may include abrupt fever and chills, chest pains, rusty sputum, and hypoxia among others. Biochemical Test and Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Following transmission of the bacteria from an infected individual, it uses pili (protein appendages located on the cell wall) as well as opa proteins (opacity proteins/protein II) to adhere to the columnar epithelial cells which makes it easier for them to penetrate the cells. While Moraxella catarrhalis can be found in adults, many studies have shown that the bacteria often colonize the respiratory system (the upper respiratory system) early on in life (during the first year of life). The infection is characterized by nasal discharge and cough for a period of about 10 days. Following penetration, the bacteria proliferates in the basement membrane which allows them to increase in numbers and infect new cells. It's also fastidious and non-motile and the causative agent for several infections in different parts of the body. Gram Positive Bacteria. During cell division, the site of division is first marked by the equatorial ring (also known as the wall band). "Neisseria gonorrhoeae Mutants Altered in Toxicity to Human Fallopian Tubes and Molecular Characterization of the Genetic Locus Involved". 2.1.1.1 Etiology of Bacterial Meningitis. De pneumokok (Streptococcus pneumoniae) is een grampositieve bacterie, die bij veel mensen als commensaal aanwezig is en bij de meeste mensen geen ziekte tot gevolg heeft. Like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus species can also be seen in pairs, but can also form short chains. It consists of a large number of species with different types of catabolic/metabolic characteristics. Pseudomonas syringae is commonly found living on the surface of different types of plants as an epiphyte. MicroscopeMaster is not liable for your results or any personal issues resulting from performing the experiment. Streptococcus pneumoniae is also associated with otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis and endocarditis. Gram Stain Protocols. Treatment - Currently, treatment options for enterococcal meningitis involves a combination of ampicillin and streptomycin or gentamicin. https://www.medscape.com/answers/222320-158101/what-is-the-pathophysiology-of-moraxella-catarrhalis-infection, Privacy Policy by Hayley Anderson at MicroscopeMaster.comAll rights reserved 2010-2020, Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. In human beings, pneumococcal pneumonia is one of the main diseases caused by the bacterium. Like some of the other diplococci bacteria, Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative diplococcus bacterium. and Moraxella catarrhalis. Following attachment (adhering) to these cells, in vitro studies have shown the bacteria to invade the cells. Nelson I. Agudelo Higuita and Mark M Huycke. [1][2] Ann C. Smith and Marise A. Hussey. Sara Bernhard, Violeta Spaniolb, and Christoph Aebi. The term cell adhesion can simply refer to the contact that a cell makes with substances or objects nearby. The bacteria is associated with an increased risk of bronchiolitis in the early years of life. Using Gram stain, it's possible to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative diplococci. An infection in the upper respiratory tract can also spread to the nervous system through the blood causing pneumococcal meningitis. Sinusitis - While Moraxella catarrhalis is considered part of normal flora in the respiratory system (particularly the upper respiratory system), it can cause sinusitis (acute sinusitis) in children. 19,20 It's an obligate human pathogen that is sexually transmitted in human beings. Pictorial representation of diplococcuus formation in Moraxella catarrhalis by CDC/Dr. Gram-negative diplococci like Moraxella catarrhalis will appear pale pink in color. The Lipopolysaccharide and adhesins like pili and opacity proteins (Opa proteins) allow the bacteria to adhere to the epithelium. In humans, the organism can be found in the gastrointestinal tract where it can cause diseases under given conditions. Arvidson, Cindy Grove; Kirkpatrick, Risa; Witkamp, Manon T.; Larson, Jason A.; Schipper, Christel A.; Waldbeser, Lillian S.; O’Gaora, Peadar; Cooper, Morris; So, Magdalene (1999-02).