xlii + 23 + 650 pp. In: Proceedings 28th Annual Meeting Southern Weed Science Society. Gramineae (Part 1). Flora of New Zealand. The species was taken from North Africa to South Africa and then to Australia before being planted at the Californian Agricultural Experiment Station in 1914. USA: St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts. These toxicoses present as either ‘phalaris staggers’ or ‘phalaris sudden death’. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2, Flora of Pakistan, 2015. Presumably the species improves the economy of the local farmers and their families in areas where it is grown. [Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Information Series No. Phalaris aquatica (bulbous canary grass); flowerhead, with emergent anthers. Flora of China., St. Louis, Missouri; Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. Clipping the grass later in the spring retards growth better than clipping at the beginning of flowering. Leaves and seedlings contain DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, Bufotenin and related compounds. Spikelets are light green, 4.5-6.5 mm long, with two lower sterile florets and an upper fertile one, breaking above the glumes at maturity (from Champion et al., 2012). Several herbicides are effective at controlling P. aquatica but relatively high rates are required. Koleagrass: Phalaris aquatica L. http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_phaq.pdf, Edgar E; Connor HE, 2010. Tolerance of phalaris and tall fescue to postemergence herbicide treatments. Flora of tropical East Africa. Muyt A, 2001. [ed. Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser. Due to weak growth, P. aquatica seedlings will establish only if there is minimal competition. A guide to identification of some introduced grasses in New Zealand by vegetative characters. Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. Ligules are 4-9 mm long, membranous, rounded. According to DiTomaso and Healy (2003), seeds can be dispersed for short distances by animals and for greater distances by water. They add that cultivation may, however, be used to remove a flush of seedlings and this would also reduce the size of the seedbank. The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (AVH) is an online resource that provides immediate access to the wealth of plant specimen information held by Australian herbaria. Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2015. Phalaris brachystachys; General phalaris info. Davis, California, USA: Weed Research and Information Center, University of California, 544 pp. Alden R; Hackney B; Weston LA; Quinn JC, 2014. V: Gramineae. Champion P; James T; Popay I; Ford K, 2012. The inflorescence is a dense, stiff, cylindrical, spike-like panicle, oblong or slightly tapered top and bottom, 3.5-12 cm long, 0.8-2.5 mm across; main axis smooth, branches hidden. Weeds of the south-east: an identification guide for Australia. http://www.theplantlist.org, USDA-ARS, 2015. Grains / Seeds - Sowing NPPO details: Ministry of Primary Industries. (2000) quoted district agronomists in 1990, indicating that the potential area of phalaris-based pastures in New South Wales was 3 million ha. The poisonous plants in New Zealand. Although deliberately introduced to several countries where it has naturalized, its further spread within those countries has been by natural means, along roadsides and water courses (Harrington and Lanini, 2000). From its native range around the Mediterranean it has been introduced to several parts of the world, notably North America and Australia. Seeds will germinate whenever moisture is available, but germination rates fall if temperatures are below 10oC or above 30oC. Forage. P. arundinacea and P. aquatica are sometimes invasive species in wetlands, whereas the Portuguese, Phalaris brachystachys is an annual grass with growth habits and cultural requirements similar to Phalaris aquatica. > 10°C, Cold average temp. Peterson (2001) found that 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D ester, dicamba and picloram all gave good control of six-week-old seedlings. Repeated cultivation would be needed when the plants were actively growing. Phalaris files.zip. Wallingford, UK: CABI, CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Crop & Pasture Science. Clayton WD, 1970. P. tuberosa L.), known as phalaris in Australia and harding grass elsewhere, is a cool-season perennial grass species that has been exploited for forage production. ), redlegged earth mites (Halotydeus destructor), aphids (various species), seed-harvesting ants (various species), field crickets (such as Teleogryllus commodus), white curl grubs (various species of scarab grubs), and slugs and snails during the establishment stage. Phalaris aquatica (bulbous canary-grass). Hand pulling is practical only for small areas as it requires a large time commitment. According to the Bureau of Land Management of the US Department of the Interior (BLM, 2012), frequent clipping of P. aquatica during the active growth phase can be effective at preventing spread and reducing tillering. CABI is a registered EU trademark. I am very interested in a bio-assay of P. Aquatica extract vs. M. Hostilis extract because of this silly maths experiment! Phalaris pastures:32 pp. Phalaris aquatica originated from Southern Europe and the Caucasus. Crop & Pasture Science, 60(1):1-15. http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/40/paper/CP08170.htm, Peterson DL, 2001. Flora of Pakistan/Pakistan Plant Database (PPD). P. aquatica has been deliberately introduced to a number of countries for use as a forage crop.