[1][2] In nature, it is often found alongside the fruits it infects, making species within the genus Citrus its main ecosystem. [1] In comparison to other detection assays, the latex agglutionation assay exceeds the detection limit of the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and is as effective in detecting Aspergillus and Pencillium species as the ergosterol production assay. ST=mg�k?������ZM��@��;5�C]�Ѕ7���qH���#��Ue@Vj�.�i��!A Ίzˑ�\;4����c;&�ځΞ'�u:���� ��{�.g���t�. [1] Alongside its pathogenic life cycle, P. digitatum is also involved in other human, animal and plant interactions and is currently being used in the production of immunologically based mycological detection assays for the food industry. Fungicides are still the main method currently used to control postharvest green mold in citrus fruit storage. Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. [13] Conidia are borne on a stalk called a conidiophore that can emerge either from a piece of aerial hyphae or from a soil-embedded network of hyphae. [17] However, being one of the most common producers of indoor moulds, certain species can become pathogenic upon long-term exposure as well as for individuals who are immunocompromised or hyper-sensitized to certain parts of the fungus. [1] These include hazelnuts, pistachio nuts, kola nuts, black olives, rice, maize and meats. [23], Modifications to the disease cycle of P. digitatum have been induced experimentally. Green mold and blue mold, caused by Penicillium digitatum (Pd) and Penicillium italicum (PI), respectively, are the two most important postharvest diseases in all citrus production areas [3]. [18], With respect to P. digitatum, this species is known to cause generalized mycosis in humans, although the incidence of such events are very low. It is not uncommon to find green mold on a citrus tree after … The most common postharvest fungal disease affecting citrus fruit worldwide is green mold, which is caused by Penicillium digitatum and accounts for up to 60–80% of the total fungal decay during fruit storage (Wuryatmo et al., 2014, Zheng et al., 2015). Background. [3][7] As temperature at time of infection decreases, the delay of initial symptom onset increases. [1][13] Each conidium is haploid and bears only one nucleus. The number of metulae varies with their sizes ranging from 15–30 × 4–6 μm. stream [1] As fungicide resistance increases globally, other measures of control are being considered including that of biocontrol. italicum. [1][7] Risk of injury can be decreased in a variety of ways including, storing fruit in high humidity/ low temperature conditions, and harvesting before irrigation or rainfall in order to minimize fruit susceptibility to peel damage. It is a major source of post-harvest decay in fruits and is responsible for the widespread post-harvest disease in Citrus fruit known as green rot or green mould. Mahmood Reza Golzarian. [1] Reports have been made concerning fungicides thiabendazole, benomyl, imazalil, sodium-o-phenylphenate as well as fungistatic agent, biphenyl, with no prior treatment required in the case of biphenyl. /Length 3985 [15] The production observed in shake cultures can be inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide and modulated by inorganic phosphate. [7] Degreening practices can also be conducted at humidities above 92% in order to heal injuries. [1] On Malt Extract Agar medium at 25 °C, growth is rapid yet rare, forming a velvety surface. %PDF-1.5 [3][7] Fallen fruit can also be susceptible to P. digitatum infections as has been noted in Israel, where P. digitatum infects fallen fruit more than P. [2][7] Spores can be reduced by removing fallen fruit. Nutrient additives. >> [12], In nature, P. digitatum adopts a filamentous vegetative growth form, producing narrow, septate hyphae. [12] However, the current binomial name comes from the writings of Pier Andrea Saccardo, particularly Fungi italici autographie delineati et colorati (1881). : Fr.) Penicillium digitatum (/ˌpɛnɪˈsɪlɪəm/digitatum/) is a mesophilic fungus found in the soil of citrus-producing areas. [1] Germination does not occur at a water activity of 0.87. [1] In terms of chemicals that influence fungal growth, the minimum growth inhibitory concentration of sorbic acid is 0.02–0.025% at a pH of 4.7 and 0.06–0.08% at a pH of 5.5. In nature, this necrotrophic wound pathogen grows in filaments and reproduces asexually through the production of conidiophores. [1][3] With respect to water activity, P. digitatum has a relatively low tolerance for osmotic stress. [8] In terms of carbon nutrition, maltose, acetic acid, oxalic acid and tartaric acid support little, if any, growth. [1] The resulting colonial morphology on these media (described in Growth and Morphology above) allows for identification of P. digitatum. [21] Its widespread impact relates to the post-harvest disease it causes in citrus fruits known as green rot or mould.